April – December 1390
The beyliks and Philadelphia, 1390
After Murad’s death the beys of Anatolia move against the Ottomans. Alaeddin Ali of Karaman, Bayezid’s brother-in-law, takes Beyşehir again and raids as far as Eskişehir. Yakub II of Germiyan claims back the lands his sister brought Bayezid as her dowry, and Kadı Burhaneddin of Sivas takes Kırşehir.
A silver gigliato of Saruhan Bey, lord of Manisa from 1313 to 1348 and founder of the Saruhan beylikWikimedia Commons, Uploadalt, CC BY-SA 3.0 (Silver gigliato of Sarukhan Beg bin Alpagi 1313 1348 ruler of Lydia western Turkey.jpg)
Bayezid crosses to Anatolia in 1390 with Serbian vassal troops. In one summer campaign he takes Germiyan, Saruhan with its seat at Manisa, Aydın at Ayasluğ and Menteşe at Milas, and holds Yakub of Germiyan prisoner. The Hamid lands around Eğirdir follow in 1390, or 1391 by other accounts. Bayezid retakes Beyşehir and besieges Alaeddin in Konya, but when Süleyman Bey of Candar and Kadı Burhaneddin move to help Karaman, he makes peace, and Alaeddin gives up his lands west of the Çarşamba river.
The İsa Bey Mosque at Selçuk, the Ayasluğ of the Aydın beys, built in 1374–1375Wikimedia Commons, Carlos Delgado, CC BY-SA 3.0 (İsa Bey Camii.jpg)
John VII, son of Andronikos IV, claims the throne of his grandfather John V. With the backing of Bayezid and the Genoese he marches from Selymbria and enters Constantinople on 14 April 1390, when townspeople open the Gate of Charisius to him. John V’s son Manuel returns with galleys of the Knights of Rhodes and drives him out on 17 September. Bayezid then calls both Manuel and John VII to serve in his army, and they are with it when Philadelphia, the last Byzantine town in Anatolia, surrenders to the sultan.
Sources
- Laonikos Chalkokondyles, Histories (c. 1464).
- Aziz ibn Ardashir Astarabadi, Bazm u Razm (c. 1398).
- Colin Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1481 (1990).
- Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, Trade and Crusade: Venetian Crete and the Emirates of Menteshe and Aydin (1983).
- Nevra Necipoğlu, Byzantium between the Ottomans and the Latins (2009).
- John W. Barker, Manuel II Palaeologus (1391–1425) (1969).
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